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Rifkin, Jeremy 
The Age of Access 

© AH Rights Reserved Including the Right of Reproduction in whole or in Part in 
any Form. This Edition Published by Arrangement with Jeremy P. Tarcher, 
a Member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 

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•C(*^J^' £fj u* <ji* (*) -i 

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Anglo-American Thought, 1550-1750 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University 
Press, 1986), pp. 41- 42, 52-53 and 56. 


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for a Connected World (New York: Viking, 1998), p.73, and «The Global 
Internets Internet Economy Indicators, 1999, <http :// 
www.internetindicators.comlindex.html > . 

Beth Belton, «Internet Generated $301 Billion in Last Year,» USA (6) 

Today (11/6/1999), p. 1, and indicators Report, » Internet Economy Indicators 
(1999). 


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Superhighway, pp. 38-39. 

.39 y> t <u^aj j_La!I ( 8) 

Steven Bell [et al.j, « Resizing Online Business Trade,» Forrester Report (9) 
(November 1998), pp. 1-2. 


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Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital (13) 
Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 
1998), pp. 5, 21 and 23. 


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Strategic Implications of Knowledge as an Asset, » Journal of Marketing, vol. 55 
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Logic of Globed Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 47, and 
Don Tapscott, The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked 
Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), pp. 81 and 152. 


George B. Rathman, « Biotechno logy Case Study, » in: Mitche! B. (19) 
Wallerstein, Mary Ellen Mogee, and Roberta A. Schoen, eds.. Global Dimensions 
of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology (Washington, DC: 
National Academy Press, 1993), p. 325, and T. Michael Nevens, Gregory L. 
Summe, and Bro Uttal, «Comnicrciali/ing Technology: What the Best Companies 
Do,» Harvard Business Review (May-.hirtc 1690), p. 155. 



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Michael Borrus, «Global Intellectual Property Rights Issues in (20) 
Perspective: A Concluding Panel Discussion,)) in: Wallerstein. Mogee, and Schoen, 
eds.. Ibid., pp. 373-374. 

Tapscott, The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of (21) 
Networked Intelligence, p. 60. 

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Steven L. Goldman, Roger N. Nagel, and Kenneth Preiss, Agile (23) 
Competitors and Virtual Organizations : Strategies for Enriching the Customer (New 
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1095), p. 19. 


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Hcdf the Time (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995), p. 12. 

John Markoff, «A Quicker Pace Means No Peace in the Valley ,» New (25) 

York Times, (3/6/1996), p. D8. 

Tapscott, The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of (26) 
Networked Intelligence, p. 63. 

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Politics of the Third Wave (Washington, DC: Progress and Freedom Foundation, 
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Organization, » Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 12 (1990), pp. 296-326, 
and Cristiano Antonelli, The Economics of Information Networks (New York: 
Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 1992), pp. 55-56 and 60. 


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Michael Storper, «The Transition to Flexible Specialization in the U.S. (31) 

Film Industry: External Economies, the Division of Labor and the Crossing of 
Industrial Divides, » Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 13 (1989), p. 278. 

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Joel Kotlin and David Friedman, «Why Every Business Will Be Like (34) 

Show Business, » Inc. Magazine (March 1995), p. 66. 

Storper, «The Transition to Flexible Specialization in the U.S. Film (35) 
Industry: External Economies, the Division of Labor and the Crossing of 
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Asu Aksoy and Kevin Robins, «Hollywood for the 21 st Century: (36) 
Global Competition for Critical Mass in Image Markets,» Cambridge Journal of 
Economics, vol. 16 (1992), p. 9. 

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Globalization, Technology and Competition: The Fusion of Computers and 

Telecommunications in the 1990s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 
1993), p. 129. 


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New York Times, 12/5/1999, and Alice Rawsthorn, «Giobal Internet Music Sales 
to Reach $4 Billion in Five Years,» Financial Times (12/5/1999), p. C2. 

Heather Green and Seanna Browder, «Cyberspace Winners: How They (13) 

Did It,» Business Week (22 June 1998), <http://www.businessweek.com/1998/25/ 
b3583023.htm • . 


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Morgenson, «The Fall of the Mall,» Forbes (24 May 1993), p. 107. 


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Nanette Byrnes and Paul C. Judge, «Internet Anxiety, » Business Week (16) 
(28 July 1999), pp. 78-83. 


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and Schuster, 1993), p, 17. 


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1996), p. 26. 

William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn (23) 
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), p. 81, and Robert P. Borone, «The Bank and 
Its Customer: Tomorrow's Virtual Reality Bank,» Vital Speeches of the Day, no. 
59 (15 February 1993), p. 284. 

Gleick, Ibid., p. 26. (24) 


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George Fitch, «Charge It,» Credit World, vol. 5 (April 1915), p. 30. (26) 

«A Big Store’s Advertisings Merchants Record and Show Window, vol. (27) 

47 (November 1920), pp. 5 and 48, and Merchants Record and Show Window, vol. 
79 (November 1936), p. 3. 

Rolf Nugent, Consumer Credit and Economic Stability (New York: (28) 
Russell Sage Foundation, 1939), p. 96. 

Winifred Wandcrscc, Women's Work and Family Values, 1920-1940 (29) 
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 198 1), pp. 16- 17. 


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Geoffrey Moore, «Changes in the Quality of Credit, » Journal of (30) 
Finance (May 1956), pp. 288-300. 

Roland Vaile, Research Memorandum on Social Aspects of Consumption (31) 
in the Depression (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1937), pp. 19 
and 28. 

James Grant, Money of the Mind: Harrowing and L ending in America- (32) 

From the Civil War to Michael Milken (New York; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 
1992), pp. 300 and 306-307. 


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an Ongoing Disaster (lioston, MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1996), p. 11. 

Stephen Brobeck, « the Consumer Impacts of Expanding Credit Card (34) 
Debl,» Consumer Federation of America (February 1997), p. 1. 


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Robert Kutther, «Booming on Borrowed Cash,» Washington Post (1/1/1999), p. 
A25, and Stephen S. Roach, «Spending Ourselves into Oblivion, » New York Times 
(11/12/1998), p. A31. 

Brobeck, «The Consumer Impacts of Expanding Credit Card Debt,» p. 2. (37) 

Saul Hansell, «Personal Bankruptcies Surging as Economy Hums,» (38) 

New York Times (25/8/1996), pp. 1 a ml 38. 



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1999), p. A 1 9. 

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Kathy Bergen, «Bankruptcy Becoming Prosperity’s Partner: Largely a (42) 
Declaration of the Middle Class, » Chicago Tribune (5/7/1998). 

Jacob M. Schlesinger, «As Bankruptcies j 9A j 1 A ^y> i<c— -Li, jJu-ail (43) 
Surge, Creditors Lobby Hard to Get Tougher Laws: But Whether Many People 
Shirk Bills They Can Pay Remains Open to Debate, Changing the Lenders 
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Equipment Leasing Association: «Professor Lessor, » < http:// (49) 

elaonline.com/proflesr.htm > , and «Facts about the Equipment Leasing and 
Finance lndustry,» < http://www.elaonline.com/indfacts.htm> . 

((Significance and Cirowth of Leasing: Advantages and Disadvantages (50) 
of Leasing,» Leasing in Industry-Studies in Business Policy, no. 127 (A Research 
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Equipment Leasing Association, «Professor Lessor». 

Kundapur V. Kamath, Sanjiv A. Kerkar, and Tumu Viswanath, The (52) 
Principles and Practices of Leasing (Croydon, Surrey, England: Lease Asia, 1990), 
p. 3. 

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Equipment Leasing Association, «Facts about the Equipment Leasing (57) 
and Finance Industry)). 

Peggy Wallace, «Leasing Allows Swapping lip Before Value Drops, » (58) 
Infoworld (9 May 1994), p. 71 . 






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David S. Glick, «The Leasing Generation: Leasing Enters the Nineties (59) 
with a Record of Strong Growth Based on the Benefits It Offers to a Wide Range 
of Businesses,)) Forbes (Special Advertising Supplement) (19 February 1990), p. 
A10. 

David J. Porter, «World Leasing Motors On: Europe Still in the Pits,» (60) 
in: World Leasing Yearbook 1995, Edited by Adrian Hornbrook (Sussex, UK: 
Grange Press, 1995), p. V 

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Sallye Salter, «Today’s Topic: Commercial Real Estate, » Atlanta (62) 
Journal and Constitution (16 April 1998), p. 2F. 

David Dabby and Rick Smith, «Retail Properties Hot Commodities in (63) 
Broward County, » Sun-Sentinel (12/8/1996), p. 12. 

Donna Harris, «Real Estate Trusts Give Dealers a New Path; (64) 
Potamkin Joins, » Automotive News (10 November 1997), p. 1. 


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Jeremy Kahn. «l )isownership is Everything: Dumping Corporate Real (65) 
Estate* lor Prol'il.w I'liriimr, vol. 137, no. 6 (March 1998), p. 44. 


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Richard Whiteley and Dianne Hessan, Customer Centered Growth: Five (66) 
Proven Strategies for Building Competitive Advantage (New York: Addison- 
Wesley, 1996), p. 37. 


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Outsourcinji; Inslilulc. « l'hrce Major Areas Companies Outsource,» (67) 
< http://www.oulsonrdn>>.com/howandwhy/areas.main.htm > . 


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Everest Software Corporation, «Industry IS Spending: An (68) 

Informational Study on IS Spending in Various Industries,)) < http:// 
www.outsourcing-mgmt.com/industrylwho-2.html#start > . 

Jo Ann Davy, «Outsourcing Human Resources Headaches, » Managing (69) 
Office Technology, vol. 43, no. 7 (September 1998), p. 6, and «Outsourcing Can 
Boost Profitability,)) USA Today, vol. 127, no. 2639 (August 1998), p. 3. 

Everest Software Corporation, Ibid. (70) 

Whiteley and Hessan, Customer Centered (Irowth: Five Proven (71) 
Strategies for Building Competitive Advantage, p 17. 



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Joe Vales, «UPO Solutions: New Landmark Survey Demonstrates BPO (72) 
Growlh,» InfoServcr: Journal for Strategic Outsourcing Information (May 1998), 
< hUp://www. intoscrvcr.com/mayl998/htm/bpo4.htnil > . 

Michael .1. Manilel jel al.], «The 21 st Century Economy: Volatility is (73) 

Here to Slay, bin Technology and Globalization Will Spur Robust Growth,» 
Business Il'ccA (24 August 1998), p. 110. 


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Saul Hansell, «ls This the Factory of the Fiiltiie?,» New York Times (74) 
(26/7/1998). section 3, p. 1. 




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James Brian Quinn, Intelligent Enterprise: A Knowledge and Service (75) 

Based Paradigm for Industry (New York: Free Press, 1992), pp. 39, 43, 45-46 and 
60-64, and Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital 
Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 
1998), p. 20!. 


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Jo-Ann Mort, «Sweated Shopping, » Guardian (8/9/1997), p. 11; Bob (76) 
Egelko, «Suit Accuses Nike of Violating California’s False-Advertising Law,» 
Associated Press (21 April 1998); Dion V. Haynes, «Nike Hit with Suit on Labor 
Practices, » Chicago Tribune (12/4/1998), Business section, p. 1; Tammara Porter, 
«Teens Find Alleged Nike Labor Practices Unfair, But Wait to Act,» Minneapolis 
Star Tribune (7/7/1997), p. 6B, and David Mcggyesy, «Superrich Superstars in 
Sports, Moral Jellyfish in l.ilc,» l.os . Inge/cs limes ( 17/10/1997), p. B9. 



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Paul Klebnikov, «Focus, Focus,» Forbes (11 September 1995), pp. 42- (77) 

43, and Julia King, «Outsourcer: No Money Down,» Computerworld , vol. 32, no. 
27 (July 1998), pp. 2-3. 


109 



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Corporation ; Structuring and Revitalizing the Corporation for the 21 s ' Century 
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 6. 

.7 c 'C^aJ jS ,/jU (80) 


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Stewart, Intellectual Capital: New Wealth of Organizations, p. 33, and (81) 

John Plender, «Unbearahk Lightness of Heing: Never Has So Much Stock Value 
Been Supported by So Few Tangible Assets, » l inaneial Times (8/12/1998). 



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Fred Moody, «Mr. Softwares New FwA Times Magazine (25 August (82) 

1991), p. 56. 

Margaret M. Blair, Ownership and Control: Rethinking Corporate (83) 
Governance for the Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 
1995), p. 234. 

Stewart, Intellectual Capital: New Wealth of Organizations, p. 63. (84) 


113 



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Value Been Supported by So Few Tangible Assets, » and Jeffrey M. Laderman, 
«Are Stocks Overpriced-Or the Yardstick Flawed?, » Business Week (15 July 1996), 



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Davis and Meyer, Blur: The Speed of Change in the Connected (86) 
Economy, p. 102. 

George Gilder, «The Fiber Baron, » Wall Street Journal (3/10/1997), p. (87) 
A22. 

Stewart, Intellectual Capital: New Wealth of Organizations, p. 36. (88) 


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Mandel [et al .], «The 21 st Century Economy: Volatility Is Here to Stay, (90) 

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William H. Davidow. «Why Profits Don't Matter: Until We Measure (91) 
Intangible Assets Like Goodwill and Management Savvy, Bottom Lines Won't 
Mean Mueh,» f’orhes, vol. 157, no. 7 (April 1996). p. S24. and Michael Malone, 
«Ncw Metrics for a New Age,» Forbes, vol. 159, no. 7 (April 1997), p. S40. 


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Malone, Ibid., p. S40, and Baruch Lev, «The Old Rules No Longer (92) 
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Method, 1840-1980 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 
p. 3. 

David Segal, «Franchisees Unite to Fight for Their Lives: Judgments (2) 
against Parent Companies Tip Balance of Power, » Washington Post (17/4/1997), 
pp. A1 and A20. 


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Info Franchise News Inc., «What Is Franchising?, » < http:// (3) 

www.vaxxine.com/franchise/what.html >; «Hot Franchising Trends, » Info 

Franchise Newsletter, vol. 22, no. I (January 1998), <http://www.valarine.com/ 
franchise/newsletter/jan98.html > , and John Stanworth and Brian Smith, The 
Barclays Guide to Franchising for the Small Business (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 

p. 26. 

(Franchise J ajJl-jLcJI 5^-dl 4 (Katrina Schymic) dL^—i Lj^jLS £-° (4) 

Business Network and the Franchise World Resource Center, International 
Franchise Association), 20 May 1998, and William B. C-herkasky, introduction 
to Franchising and the International Franchise Association,)) in: The Franchising 
Handbook, Edited by Andrew J. Sherman (New York: American Management 
Association, 1993), p. 4. 


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Segal, «Franchisees Unite to Fight for Their Lives: Judgments against (5) 
Parent Companies Tip Balance of Power,» and Cherkasky, Ibid., p. 6. 

Cherkasky, Ibid., pp. 4-6, and Segal, Ibid., p. Al. (6) 

Leonard N. Swartz, «Franchising World: Exploring Global Franchise (7) 
Trends, » International Franchise Association News (April 1997), < http:/ / 
www.franchise.org/news/fw/marapr97b.asp > . 


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. 4^* j 1 j * (10) 


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Business Method, 1840-1980, p. 3, and Alan Felstead, The Corporate Paradox: 
Power and Control in the Business Franchise (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 
111 . 


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John F. Love, McDonald’s: Behind (he Arches (London: Bantam Press, (13) 
1987), pp, 156-157. 

Felstead, Ibid., p. 1 12. (14) 

.113-112 ^y> . *V — . aj j-\.,r / ?M (15) 


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Theodore Levitt, «Production-Line Approach to Service, » Harvard (16) 
Business Review, vol. 5, no. 5 (September-October 1972), pp. 41-52; Love, Ibid., 
Chap. 14, and Felstead, Ibid., p. 118. 

Felstead, Ibid., pp. 1 19-120. (17) 

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General Electric Co. v. De Forest Radio Co. [et al.], no. 3654, Circuit (21) 

Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, 28 F.2d 641,1928 U.S. App. LEXIS 2406, 18 
September 1928. 


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Art Spinella, «Leasing’s Share of Market Slows a Bit in 1998,» (1) 
Leasing News (September 1998), <http://www.leasesource.com/newsroom/ 
bodynews.htm > , and CNW Marketing Research, «Annual Study: Leasing 
Showing Its Age; Taken for Granted; Still Potent Siren Song for Many Car 
Shoppers, » LTR/8+ 11, no. 4 (1998), pp. 2 and 5. 

David Woodruff and Edward C. Baig, «Leasing Fever: Why the Car (2) 
Business Will Never Be the Same,» Business Week (7 February 1995), pp. 92-93. 

.96 j_Uall (3) 


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Spinella, Ibid. (5) 

. A.—pflj (6) 

Tina Cassidy, «Getting a Lease on your Dreams,» Boston Globe, 3\/7/ (7) 
1995, p. 73. 


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CNW Marketing Research, «Annual Study: Leasing Showing Its Age; (8) 
Taken for Granted; Still Potent Siren Song for Many Car Shoppers,» p. 1. 

Jerry Knight, «Lost But Not Leased?: A Used-Car Glut Looms; (9) 
Analysts Say Consumers, Economy Could Be Hit,» Washington Post (5/6/1994), 
p. HI. 


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Woodruff and Baig, «Leasing Fever: Why the Car Business Will Never (10) 
Be the Same,» p. 94. 

Brandon Mitchener, «Frankfurt Auto Show: In this Car Pool, Drivers (11) 
Can Try any Car any Time,» International Herald Tribune (14/9/1995). 


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Car Free Cities Network, «City Car Club: Carfree But Carefree, » (12) 
Company Brochure (1998). 

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Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society (New York: Basic (14) 
Books, 1973), p. 115. 

Paul Lafargue, The Evolution of Properly: From Savagery to (15) 
Civilization (New York: Scribners, 1901), p. 2. 

William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (16) 
(Philadelphia: Robert H. Small, 1825), vol. 1, p. 1. 


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Charles H. Mcllwain, The Growth of Political Thoughts in the West, (17) 
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p. 181. 

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John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (New York: Mentor Books, (19) 

1965), vol. 2, Edited by Peter Lnsletl, para. 27, and John Locke, «Of Property, » 
in: John Locke, Of Civil Government (London; Toronto: J.M. Dent; New York: 
E.P. Dutton, [1924]), Book 2, ( Imp 5. 


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Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (Oxford: Oxford University (20) 
Press, 1 978), p. 209. 

Andrew Reeve, Property (London: Macmillan j u — « j ;Ji — -ail (21) 

Education Ltd., 1986), pp. 58-61 and 66. 


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Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly (22) 
Review Press, 1971), pp. 273-274. 

Robert Smuts, Women and Work in America (New York: Schocken (23) 
Books, 1971), pp. 11-13. 


167 




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to the Network Economy (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1999), pp. 
14 and 19, and Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital 
Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 
1998), p, 51. 

Downes and Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital Strategies for (38) 
Market Dominance, p. 5 1 . 

Shapiro and Varian, Ibid., pp. 19-20, and Hncyclopedia ‘a L2 y .^U (39) 

Britannia, Inc., «Why Subscribe to Britannica ()nline?,» <http://www.eb.com/ 
whysub.htm > . 


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Low-Use Periodical Titles,» Library Resources and Technical Services, vol. 39, no. 
1 (January 1995), p. 43. 

Roger Brown, «The Changing Economic Environment-Access vs. (41) 
Ownership: Access Where? Own What? - A Corporate View,» Serials: The Journal 
of the United Kingdom Serials Group, vol. 8, no. 2 (July 1995), pp. 125-129. 


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Ethan Bronner, «For More Textbooks, a Shift from Printed Page to (42) 
Screen,» New York Times (1/12/1998), p. A26. 

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Marketplaces Harvard Business Review (December 1994), p. 144. 


Joan Magretta, «Growth through Global Sustainability: An Interview (45) 
with Monsanto’s CEO, Robert B. Shapiro, » Harvard Business Review (January- 
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Thomas J. Bierma, Frank L. Waterstraat, and Joyce Ostrosky, «Shared (47) 
Savings and Environmental Management Accounting: Innovation Chemical 
Supply Strategies, » in: Martin Bennett and Peter James, eds., The Green Botton 
Line: Environmental Accounting for Management: Current Practice and Future 
Trends (Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing, 1998), pp. 268-269; Jill Kauffman 
Johnson, Allen White, and Shelly Hearn, «From Solvents to Services: 
Restructuring Chemical Supplier Relationships to Achieve Environmental 
Excellence, » Paper Presented at: Proceedings of the 1997 Institute of Electrical and 
Electronics Engineers International Symposium on Electronics and the 
Environment, 27 May 1997, pp. 322-J25. 


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Bierma, Waterstraat, and Ostrosky, Ibid., p. 270. (48) 

Paul Hawken, Arnory Lovins, and Hunter Lovins, Natural Capitalism: (49) 
Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co., 
1999), p. 136. 


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Mack Hanan, Sales Shock!: The End of Selling Products, the Rise of (50) 
CoManaging Customers (New York: AMACOM, 1996), p. 119. 

James F. Moore, The Death of Competition: j c 57 ^y> J jX^A\ (51) 

Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems (New York: 
HarperCollins, 1996), p. 251. 


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Claudia H. Deutsch, «Services Becoming the Goods in Industry: Not (52) 
Enough Profit in Making Things, » New York Timex (7/1/1997), p. D4. 


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Steven L. Goldman, Roger N. Nagel, and Kenneth Preiss, Agile (57) 
Competitors and Virtual Corporations (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995), 

p. 12. 

Neil Gross, Peter Coy, and Otis Port, «The Technology Paradox: How (58) 
Companies Can Thrive as Prices Divc,» Business Week (6 March 1995), pp. 76-77. 


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Kevin Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy: JO Radical Strategies for (59) 
a Connected World ( New York: Viking, 1998), p. 57. 


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Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, /Tie D«e to One Future: Building (2) 
Relationships One Customer at a Time (New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 394. 

.«U~j 4 j jwU^all (3) 

Don Tapscott, The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of (4) 
Networked Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), p. 245. 

Peppers and Rogers, Ibid., p. 15. (5) 


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p * p p. 

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J^Sj j-Lajj .a_«_L^x ^1 L^_L^_>t_)j f- j-oJl aL-a*- ai_oJ> 

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iJjLa jJJOjj .5 jAJl ^-o-P d jL>- AjIjLwwJ! dJLL ^dl 

a~>- jJ yicJl cJapLwJI o I A g_*-a (Mark Grainer) 

p 

(TARP) j 1 (Technical Assistance Research Programs Institute) 
^S j-° i_9_y-d O^j^I AjjLvj Lj <Ja*^> (jl tjLval>-*^U 

A_J^J ! iLaxjj j-&> A_._s^-iJl £-\sJlaj . j)J ji 3800 £-L>j oAa>-l ^Jl AJwwJl 

.oLotJl (^Ao O^jjJL JaLiX>-^\J A^xLJI 

yA iw^J latj 4 La (j JA jJ (LTV) i >ii Aj A_<»^aJ 1 i^)L*»k>- (j) 

A_a.ljT JuLio a-JL.Alw.oJ I ajLjJILLo aJISD a-JL>«J| a-o_^sJ| jjJJLi aS” j-Jjl 

Aij .(^AoJl A-Lj jJa aJ^Lp A-oblj ^j-k-oLlJ oLaJii - J (Jjj-wLSI 


Carl Sewell and Paul Brown, Customers for Life: How to Turn That (6) 
One-Time Buyer into a Lifetime Customer (New York: Doubleday/Currency, 
1990 ). 


1 % 



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t _ s -(-p Cijl dLw aSIjcl> di tojjdwLaJl oLd^di^JLi lidjjjjJ 


William H. Davidow and Michel S. Malone, The Virtual Corporation: (7) 
Structuring and Revitalizing the Corporation for the 21 st Century (New York: 
HarperCollins, 1992), p. 230, and Hyatt Resorts, «Discover Camp Hyatt, » 
<http://www.hyatt.com/resorts/camp/index.html > . 


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Peppers and Rogers, The One to One Future: Building Relationships One (8) 
Customer at a Time, pp. 45-46. 

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( 11 ), 


0<Li*)L*_ll A_wAj*yL*Jl O^La-^J ^-LSoJI ^»l^AsJL«al ^PwLij 

^_5\AiJl]|® iaLv- jl ( ^-^’ t_5-^i AjjLai_iJ1 


Kevin Kelly, New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for (9) 
a Connected World { New York: Viking, 1998), pp. 118-119. 

Peter Schwartz, «R-Tech,» Wired, vol. 4, no. 6 (June 1996), < http:// (10) 
www.hotwired.com/collections/virtual_communities/4.06-r_tech_pr.html> . 

. 4-~.. a > (11) 


199 






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(Robert c-^jj jr* U-^^l j Integrators) 

jJLp ^ y>^> ^ SbuJ Blattberg) 

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(12) 

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^ £. p, 

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.e-j\^*Jl ^0 d-»l3*>j*Jl A^a^|j Ij ^3 


Robert C. Blattberg and Rashi Glazer, «Marketing in the Information (12) 
Revolution,)) in: Robert C. Blattberg, John D. Little, and Rashi Glazer, eds., The 
Marketing Information Revolution (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 
1994), p. 9. 


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• AjjL>tlll aJL*aJ| OjjjJL p_Ssa»cl]l 


James Rule, «My Mailbox is Mine,» Wall Street Journal (15/8/1990), (13) 
p. AS. 


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NTC Business Books, 1995), pp. 56-59; Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, 
Unleashing the Killer App: Digital Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston, MA: 
Harvard Business School Press, 1998), pp. 112 and 116-18, and Hallmark, 
«Reminder Services <http://www.hallmark.com > . 

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Evan McKenzie, Privaiopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of ( 1 ) 
Residential Private Government (New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, 1 996), p. 1 2. 
James L. Winokur, «Choice, Consent, and Citizenship in Common (2) 
Interest: Communities,» in: Stephen E. Barton and Carol J. Silverman, eds., 
Common Interest: Communities: Private Governments and the Public Interest 
(Berkeley, CA: Institute of Governmental Studies, 1994), p. 88. 


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McKenzie, Ibid., pp. 176-177. (3) 

.177 ^y? U — dj jJUall (4) 

Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated (5) 
Communities in the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 
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Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of Tomorrow (Cambridge, MA: MIT (9) 

Press, 1965), p. 76, and McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the 
Rise of Residential Private Government, pp. 3-4. 


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McKenzie, Ibid., pp. 29-31. (10) 

Urban Land Institute/Federal Housing Administration, The Homes (11) 
Association Handbook , Technical Bulletin; no. 50 (Washington, DC: Urban Land 
Institute, 1964), p. vi. 


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Bettina Drew, «Celebration: A New Kind of American Town,» Yale ( 12 ) 
Review, vol. 86 , no. 3 (July 1998 ), p. 60 . 


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Curtis C. Sproul, «The Many Faces of Community Associations under (13) 
California Law,» in: Barton and Silverman, eds., Common Interest: Communities: 
Private Governments and the Public Interest, pp. 45-46. 

McKenzie, Privatopia : Homeowner Associations and the Rise of (14) 
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William K. Stevens, «Condominium Associations: New Form of Local (18) 
Government, » Los Angeles Daily Journal, 8/9/1998. p. 22; «Court Finds Wife Too 
Young for Retirement Condo,» United Press International (11/12/1987); «Couple 
Sues to Lift Ban on Condo Door,» United Press International (8/10/1989): John 
Singh, «Fat Dog Isn’t Welcome in the Land of Fat Cats,» Orlando Sentinel 
Tribune, 12/3/1992, p. B4, and John Singh, «Scales of Justice Tip in Favor of 
Pudgy Dog in Subdivision, » Orlando Sentinel Tribune (17/3/1992). p. B3. 

McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of (19) 
Residential Private Government , p. 129. 


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.147 ( _ r o t <u~aj j_Ls<ail (20) 
David Dillon, «Fortress America: More and More of Us are Living (21) 
behind Locked Gates, » Planning, vol. 60, no. 6 (June 1994), pp. 10*11. 


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Frank Heflin, «Closed Gates Trouble Outsiders, » Progressive (October (22) 
1993), p. 33. 


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David J. Kennedy, «Residential Associations as State Actor: (23) 
Regulating the Impact of Gated Communities on Nonmembers, » Yale Law 
Journal , vol. 105, no. 3 (December 1995), p. 7. 

McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of (24) 
Residential Private Government, p. 126. 


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Steven Bergsman, «Now That Time-Shares Have Come Into (32) 
Respectability, They’re Also Coming to Town-Downtown, » Barrens, vol. 76 (June 
1996), p. 58, and «The $5 Billion Swapshops: Timeshare Holidays,» Economist, 
vol. 340, no. 7979 (August 1996), p. 53. 

Jon Bigness, «Time-Share Firm Purchase is Set by HFS,» Wall Street (33) 
Journal ( 8/10/1996), p. A3, and «The S5 Billion Swapshops: Timeshare Holidays, » 
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Bergsman, «Now That Time-Shares Have Come Into Respectability, (36) 
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Elizabeth Razzi, «Time Shares Grow Up: The Entry of j <.a^Ju jJuail (38) 
Disney, Hilton and Marriott is Helping to Erase the Industry’s Hard-Sell 
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j (Real Estates vs. Temporal Estates) y* ^L? all I i^J J-moVI jl j^»Jl (*:!:•) 

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Georg W. F. Hegel, Hegel's Philosophy oj Right, Trans, with Notes by (39) 
Thomas M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon. 1942), p. 3X. 


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lo-3>- Uj-LaJ A^yj'jLpVl JsLxxjVl jl ( _ 5 JLp ^j-yi jl Meyrowitz) 


Siegfried Sassoon, Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man (London: Faber, (41) 
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Joshua Meyrowitz, No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media (42) 
on Social Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 1 15. 

Erwin Schrodinger, My View of the World, Translated by Cecily (43) 
Hastings (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1964), p. 22. 


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J^aLxJl ®(J ^*r ■ ./3 ) <Ual_dlJl ijjj^wul ^JJ _Lt_L>jl j.,<g*Jl 


Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th (l) 
Century (London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1937). 


257 




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^Lj> J <U3 ^jJ->Jl £t_w2j j^JLp t aJlpLaiJIj ^JL^j^ij 

■ jlg.,n?> j/b 4^3 >w^i-s4> (J^ l-^J 

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^JLt- ijjLlJl (J ^ jJL»l_<aJl t _ s JU*_oJ I Lfj*>\_j- J-A 

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_ 4_jL^>xJl jJlSLxJ ( _ 5 3! S^wL*JLoJl oli*>UJl ys> e^Lil^'^! 

.<pUa->Jl jl 3 ^iJJ _ i-ilolSl eL>Jl 

y-o ( j_J^*Jl iwSVl Aj«_) 4 0L-~^j"}U JjL>s_lJl 

) j-Lj (jl y . 0 l lJ I j-*-^l ^Jug ." «..,-q r*-^Lt- ^_j3 Ia^j->- j 

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25S 



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^ -w3j c 4^sLiij! ^lj_il 

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! ^y*xa 1 ^ . Q T ^ > r ji “ ! ^ g *S 1 L J i ^ i ^ ^ A _ V, Lox» 1 i ^ ^ ^ ' - v— w I ^ 

2) jSsJ 0^ • 0.AA ^jjL*_oJl CL’tSUjj JiJJJSXJJ 4 /o|^)_J ^U*J4wj|j 

o! ^ t (Lee Thayer) 4 ~o*)A-pMI JUL-j^l Jia^ JjU; ULJl 

LoL-ol 4il-Aj UL j^j ^ <U>U— >) iiLij £-* <Jl«/? )V L 2) ^S2 

4iUl5l dJLXJ ^Xc*Ju <eij jJaj _ J~a£ 2)1 (_$i - k—3 j*->j <y y Ubl 

(Edward Hall) J ijij^l L^>- ^J j->j jJlTNI ^JLp L»l / 3) oI_*^Jl 
l^Jli sU>Jl ^l?-j LsUtiJl c-Jl3 oM l ^ > V I » 2)1 L ^S-Us 

oVUaJ^M ^y 121 J-voiJJ iLli ^ JlygJl 4 aL>- iibA , (4) «4 a^^>JI 


Sarah Sanderson King, Human Communication as a Field of Study (New (2) 

York: State University of New York Press, 1989), p. 111. 

Lee Thayer, On Communication: Essays in Understanding (Norwood, NJ: (3) 
Ablex, 1987), p. 45. 

Warren I. Sussman, Culture as History: The Transformation : y> ^yJu> (4) 
of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York: Pantheon Books, 1973), 
p. 252. 


259 



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LlJuj oL^jojSlI LLgJ y L5L^^oLJl ^LJLp y 0 jJ>j Wiener) 
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^Ul Jaj jj aS^iJL«JI ^-JiJl ilpxjjj 4JU*lJ L"->Nl./-j~ > yi 

A_^3 ^djl ^fts ^lAroJl I.L&J . A^pL»JI>-I d->l Aj y**> 

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.A^Mjii j-Ls^siil (5) 

1 .fc. L_p . (Semiotics) j—-— a>— n-w»J \ (sfc) 

John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies , 2nd Ed. (New York: (6) 
Routledge, 1990), p. 2. 


260 



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c- f. 

(Theodore yjyl jy^J jtJU'yi ^Uy-Vl ULp <u>L 2 ^~-*J y j 
c oLjwJ*>\Jjl y (Max Horkheimer) ^_>tg_Sj y ^^51* j Adorno) 
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.Ajjl>tlSl a^L>J| y «-! yJl ^!Lp BjJiJl 


Herbert I. Schiller, Culture Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public (7) 
Expression {New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 31. 




t ‘UslaJl ji\ : gjl , c- L- ojl 4-J1 j. .j| oj 

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ci^LJL^aJI .Aj jJl i ii . /? I IS' 


L3jC ^1 4_L.-L>Jl 5 jUau>J 1 (Daniel Bell) Jo jLJb <+-^-tj 

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^ tJjjL j*5 jL?xoJl L^oLoS/l oJ^pliJlj 5iUiJl^ 

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A^oill JjojJo C^iUjJl JUtoJl . A^^oj A^_3 0>lj aSjLLJI 

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j^A*jl jA^~ | ^13^ ^ ojl ^ .,.»*■■ <> 1 1 a^L^o A ., . ^ ; 

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jl jl <_j3>«o jl jl5 i j r a jLijJl M jJJ, ^ '.' .<.<» jl .( — wv-o-j 


Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post- Industrial Society (New York: Basic (8) 
Books, 1973), p. 12. 


263 



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Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Bantam Books, 1970), pp. 234 (11) 
and 236-237. 

Norman K. Denzin, Images of Postmodern Society: Social Theory and (12) 
Contemporary Cinema (London: Sage, 1991), p. 44. 


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B. Joseph Pine and James Gilmore, The Experience Economy: Work is (16) 
Theatre and Every Business a Stage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School 
Press, 1999), p. 100. 


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Larry Krotz, Tourists: How our Fastest Growing Industry is Changing (19) 
the World (Boston, MA: Faber and Faber, 1996), p. 214. 

World Travel and Tourism Council: «Travel and Tourism Set to Boost (20) 
Worldwide Economic Growth, » Press Release, 8 April 1998, < http:// 

www.wttc.org>, and «Travel and Tourism and Information Technology Join 
Forces for 21st Century Growth and Job Creation, » Press Release, 22 January 
1998, <http://www.wttc.org>. 

Krotz, Ibid., p. 11, and World Travel and Tourism Council, «New (21) 
Figures Show Travel and Tourism’s Long-Term Potential-Governments Urged to 
Build It into Asian Economic Recovery,» Press Release, 2 February 1998, 
< http://www.wttc.org > . 


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World Travel and Tourism Council, «The Travel and Tourism Satellite (22) 
Account: World Economic Impact,» < http://www.wttc.org> . 

World Travel and Tourism Council, «Travel and Tourism Set to Boost (23) 
Worldwide Economic Growth». 

William F. Theobald. Global Tourism : The Next Decade (Oxford: (24) 
Butterworth- Heinemann, 1994), p. 4. 

World Travel and Tourism Council, ((Millennium Vision: Strategic (25) 
Economic and Employment Priority, » <http://www.wttc.org>. 

World Travel and Tourism Council. ((Travel and Tourism Taxation: A (26) 
20th Century Vicious Circle,» < http://www.wttc.org > . 


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Barbara Crossette, «Surprises in the Global Tourism Boom.» New York (27) 
Times (12/4/1998), section 4, p. 5. 

Krotz, Tourists: How our Fastest Growing Industry is Changing the (28) 
World, pp. 11-12. 

Theobald, Global Tourism: The Next Decade, p. 7. (29) 

Krotz, Ibid., p. 6. (30) 


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Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to j i48 y> h — - — L_j jJ — -2.1 (31) 
Pseudo- Events in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1961), p. 87. 

Boorstin, Ibid., p. 87, and Krotz, Ibid., pp. 50-51. (32) 


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(33) 

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Mark Kurlansky, A Continent of islands: Searching for the Caribbean (35) 
Destiny (Reading, MA: Addison-Welsey, 1 992), pp. 20-21. 


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Krotz, Tourists: How our Fastest Growing Industry is Changing the (36) 
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Boorstin, 77i^ Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America, p. 88. (38) 

Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (39) 
(New York: Schocken Books, 1989), p. 100. 


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Krotz, Tourists: How our Fastest Growing Industry is Changing the (40) 
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Kreg Lindberg and Jeremy Enriquez, «An Analysis of Ecotourism’s (42) 
Economic Contribution to Conservation and Development in Belize, » (Report 
prepared for the World Wildlife Fund (U.S.) and the Ministry of Tourism and the 
Environment (Belize), 1994). 


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World Travel and Tourism Council, «Millennium Vision: Strategic (43) 
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International Council of Shopping Centers, «Shopping Centers Rank (47) 

High in U.S. Tourist Attractions,)) ICSC News (June 1999), < http:// 

www.icsc.org/srch/about/impactofshoppingcenters/shoppingcentersrank.htm > . 


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International Council of Shopping Centers, «Did You (48) 
Know That...» ICSC News (June 1999), <http://www.icsc.org/srch/about/ 
impactofshoppingcenters/didyouknow.html > . 

. * V r .,. L 4j jJ^A\ (49) 


William Severini Kowinski, The Mailing of America: An Inside Look at (50) 
the Great Consumer Paradise (New York: Morrow, 1985), pp. 349-350. 


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Margaret Crawford, «The World in a Shopping Mall,» in: Michael (52) 
Sorkin, ed.. Variations on a Theme Park: The American City and the End of Public 
Space (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992), p. 21. 

Kowinski, The Mailing of America : An Inside Look at the Great (53) 
Consumer Paradise, p. 62. 


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Crawford, Ibid., p. 9. (54) 

Jennifer Stoffel, «Where America Goes for Entertainment, » New York (55) 

Times (7/8/1988), section 3, p. 11F; Kowinski, Ibid., p. 71, and International 
Council of Shopping Centers, «Did You Know That...». 

Kowinski, Ibid., p. 61. (56) 


292 



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Crawford, «The World in a Shopping Mall,» p. 3. (57) 

Tracy C. Davis, «Theatrical Antecedents of the Mall That Ate (58) 
Downtown,» Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 24, no. 4 (Spring 1991), p. 4. 


293 



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Davis, Ibid., pp. 1, 4 and 7-9. (60) 


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Leslie Kaufman, «Sony Builds a Mall, But Don’t Call It That,» New (62) 
York Times (25/7/1999), section 3, pp. 1-12. 



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Kowinski, The Mailing of America: An Inside Look at the Great (63) 
Consumer Paradise, p. 355. 

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Neal Gabler, Life the Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality (69) 

(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998). p. 205. 

.206-205 ( _ r tf i.^J6 jJUitU (70) 

Mark Landler, «Are We Having Fun Yet? Maybe Too Much,» (71) 
Business Week (14 March 1994), p. 66, and Michael J. Mandel [et al.], «The 
Entertainment Economy: America’s Growth Engines: Theme Parks, Casinos, 
Sports, Interactive TV,» Business Week (14 March 1994), p. 59. 


299 



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Mandel [et al.], Ibid., p. 79. (72) 

Manuel Castells, The Information Age: j t59 ^y> ca a 1 jj ^1 (73) 

Economy, Society, and Culture (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), vol. 
1: The Rise of the Network Society, p. 366. 

Walter Russell Mead, «At Your Service: The New Global Economy (74) 
Takes Your Order,» Mother Jones, vol. 22, no. 2 (March-April 1998), p. 35. 
Mandel [et al.]. Ibid., p. 61 . (75) 

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Century America: Cromolithography, 1840-1900 (Boston, MA: Godine, 1979) 
p. 5. 


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Stuart Ewen and Elizabeth Ewen, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and (80) 
the Shaping of American Consciousness (New York: McGraw-EIill, 1982), p. 87. 

Michael M. Davis, The Exploitation of Pleasure: A Study of (81) 
Commercial Recreations in New York City (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 
1911), Table 8, p. 30. 


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Gabler, Life the Movie: How Entertainment Coiu/uered Reality , p. 57. (82) 


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t, Performing Art: New Ideas for a World of Chaotic Changes ) 
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J^JI : lu^Jl ^UaJI <, /I/ 4 / and Discipline of Business Creativity ) 
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: bJL^jJI t Work is Theatre and Every Business a Stage ) 

( The Entertainment LJL^>- SjL^*«J) LwaObe^l Jl 
Economy: How Mega- Media Forces are Transforming Our Lives) 
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Mandel [et al.], «The Entertainment Economy: America’s Growth (83) 
Engines: Theme Parks, Casinos, Sports, Interactive TV,» p. 60. 

John Kao, Jamming: The An amt Discipline of Business Creativity (New (84) 
York: HarperCollins, 19%), p. 96. 


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Pine and Gilmore, The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre and (87) 
Every Business a Stage, pp. 140 and 143-156. 


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Torn Peters, Liberation Management: Necessary Disorganization for the (88) 
Nanosecond Nineties (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), pp, 640, 741 and 743. 


307 



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Kao, Jamming: The Art and Discipline of Business Creativity, pp. 66-67. (89) 

Stephen J. Grove and Raymond F. Fisk, «The Dramaturgy of Services (90) 
Exchange: An Analytical Framework for Services Marketings in Leonard L. 
Berry, G. Lynn Shostack, and Gregory D. Upah, eds.. Emerging Perspectives on 
Services Marketing (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1983), p. 45. 


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Stephen J. Grove and Raymond F. Fisk, «The Service Experience as (91) 
Theater,» Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 19 (1992), p. 456. 


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Hillel M. Finestone and David B. Conter, «Acting in Medical (92) 
Practice, » Lancet, vol. 344, no. 8925 (September 1994), p. 801. 

Grove and Fisk, «The Dramaturgy of Services Exchange: An (93) 
Analytical Framework for Services Marketings p. 47. 


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Dentsu Institute for Human Studies and Data Flow International, (l) 
Media in Japan (Tokyo: Data Flow International, 1994), p. 67. 

Nielsen Media Research News (New York: A. C. Nielsen Company, (2) 

1990). 

Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture (3) 
(Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), vol. 1: The Rise of the Network 
Society, p. 339. 

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Mark Slouka, «Paraphrasing Nicholas Negroponte,» in: War of the (6) 
Worlds: Cyberspace and the High-Tech Assault on Reality (New York: Basic 
Books, 1995) pp. 69-70. 

Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, vol. 1: (7) 

The Rise of the Network Society, p. 373. 


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Brenda Laurel, Computers as Theatre (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (8) 
1991). 

Randall Walser, «Elements of a Cyberspace Playhouse,» Paper (9) 
Presented at: Proceedings of National Computer Graphics Association’90 (1990). 


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Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Simon and Schuster, (10) 
1991), p. 386. 

Slouka, paraphrasing Nicholas Negroponte, in: l^ar of the Worlds: (11) 
Cyberspace and the High-Tech Assault on Reality, p. 75. 

Rheingold, Ibid., pp. 17 and 19. (12) 

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Kevin J. Clancy and Robert S. Shulman, Marketing Myths That are (14) 
Killing Business: The Cure for Death Wish Marketing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 
1994), pp. 140 and 171. 


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Alfred L. Schreiber and Barry Levinson, Lifestyle and Event (19) 
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Richard Cross and Janet Smith, Customer Bonding (Lincolnwood, IL: (26) 

NTC Business Books, 1995), pp. 4, 14-15 and 86; Robert W. McChesney, «The 
Political Economy of Global Communication, » in Robert W. McChesney [et al.], 
eds.. Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global 
Communication Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998), pp. 13-14 
and 20, and Mary Kuntz and Joseph Wever, «The New Hucksterism,» Business 
Week ( 1 July 1996), p. 82. 


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David Lieberman, «Networks of the Net: Media Powerhouses Buy into (27) 
New World Order, » USA Today (19/6/1998), Money section, p. IB. 

j i .,/di (28) 

John Markoff, «Internet Service is Planning $6 Billion Deal to Buy (29) 
Excite, » ./Veu’ York Times ( 19/1/1999), p. 1. 


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Lieberman, Ibid., Money section, p. IB. (30) 

.suOl j-Uaiit (31) 

Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played (32) 
by People in the Flow of Mass Communication (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1995), 
p. 119. 


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Castells, 77? f Information Age/ Economy, Society, and Culture, vol. 1: (33) 
The Rise of the Network Society, p. 171. 


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Kurt Lewin, F/fW Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers (34) 

(New York Harper and Row, 1951), p. 186, and Kurt Lewin, «Channels of Group 
Life: Social Planning and Action Research,)) in: Frontiers of Group Dynamics (New 
York: Harper and Row, 1946), pp. 145-146. 

Pamela J. Shoemaker, Communication Concepts 3: Gatekeeping (35) 
(Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1991), p. 4. 


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Steven E. dayman and Ann Reisner, «Gatekeeping in Action: (36) 
Editorial Conferences and Assessments of Newsworthiness, » American 
Sociological Review, vol. 63 (April 1998), p. 179, and Diana Crane, The Production 
of Culture: Media and the Urban Arts (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 
1992), p. 67. 


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MalcoimGladwell, «The Coolhunl.» New Yorker ( 1 7 March 1997), p. 78. (42) 
Venessa Grigoridis, «How to Totally Know What’s Cool,» (43) 
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Daniel Burstein and David Kline, Road Warriors: Dreams : v° 0 r'r~*'° (49) 
and Nightmares along the Information Highway (New York: Dutton, 1995), 
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Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (London: Oxford University Press, (1) 

1954), vol. 8, p. 338, and Barry Smart, Modern Conditions, Postmodern 
Controversies (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 164. 


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pp. 223-224; Francis Bacon: «Novum Organum,» vol. 4, pp. 114, 246, 320 and 
= 325, and «Description of the Intellectual Globe, » vol. 5, p. 506, in: The Works of 


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Francis Bacon (London: J. Rivington and Sons, 1778); Francis Bacon, «The 
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Development from 1603-1609, Edited by Benjamin Farrington (Liverpool, 
England: Liverpool University Press, 1964), pp. 62 and 92-93; William Leiss, The 
Domination of Nature (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1972), p. 58, and Carolyn 
Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution 
(San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980), p. 172. 

Marquis de Condorcet, Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of (3) 
the Human Mind (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 4-5. 


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Bertrand Russell, Our Knowedge of the External World, as a Field for (4) 
Scientific Method in Philosophy (London: Routledgc, 1914). 

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R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of Nature (Oxford: Oxford University (5) 
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Alfred North Whitehead, The Principles of Natural : j « > J .. . - j « (6) 

Knowledge, 2nd Ed. (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1925), p. 54. 
Collingwood, Ibid., p. 146. (7) 


Alfred North Whitehead, Nature and Life (New York: Greenwood Press, (8) 
1968), p. 27. 


356 



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3Jlp 1)La LJLLo t ^JIjJI ^ijJl jJup oy Ortega y Gasset) 

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Jose Ortega y Gasset, Meditaciones del Quijote (Madrid: Ediciones de la (9) 
Residencia de Estudiantes, 1914). 


358 




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jli t jb- ^y jJ cboJ->iJl y *-* b ! jj-^Lil jib L« bjj 

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Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy: Encounters and (10) 

Conversations (New York: Harper, 1958), p. 58. 

William Bergquist, The Postmodern Organization: Mastering the Art of (11) 
Irreversible Change (San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993), p. 24. 


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(12) 


Jean Baudrillard, Simulations, Translated by Paul Foss, Paul Patton, (12) 
and Philip Beitchman (New York: Serniotext(e), 1983). 


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Ellen Edwards, «Plugged-In Generation,)) Washington Post. 18/11/1999, (13) 
p. Al. 

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Steve Levy, «Ad Nauseam-How MTV Sells Out Rock and Roll,» (14) 
Rolling Stone (8 December 1983), p. 33. 

E. Ann Kaplan, Rocking around the Clock: Musk Television, (15) 
Postmodernism, and Consumer Culture (New York: Methuen, 1987), p. 46. 


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Jean Baudrillard, «The Ecstasy of Communication,)) in: The Anti- (16) 
Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, Edited by Hal Foster (Port Townsend, 
WA: Bay Press, 1983), pp. 127-130. 

O. B. Hardison, Jr., Disappearing through the Skylight: Culture and (17) 
Technology in the Twentieth Century (New York: Viking, 1989), p. 321. 


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t JbcJl (j-Jj t ^^jL>ieJl ^jj^LwoJI IjjLS' 


Jean Baudrillard: Xerox and Infinity, Translated by Agitac (Paris: (18) 
Touchepas, 1988), p. 7, and Simulations, p. 148. 


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Donald M. Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception (Chicago, IL: (19) 
University of Chicago Press), p. 71. 


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. (20) «^1>J| 


Orison Swett Marden, Masterful Personality (New York: Thomas Y. (20) 
Crowell Co., 1921), pp. 1, 3, 17, 23. 33, 68 and 291, and Warren I. Sussman. 
Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth 
Century (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), p. 279. 


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Georg Simmel, Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms: (21) 
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Chicago Press, 1971), p. 393. 


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Donald M. Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception (Chicago, IL: (29) 
University of Chicago Press, 1982); David Crowley and Paul Heyer, eds. 
Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society (New York: Longman, 
199 1); Harold A. Innis, Empire and Communications, Rev. Ed. (Toronto: 
University of Toronto Press, 1972); Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: 
The Extensions of Man (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994); Walter J. Ong, 
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (New York: Methuen, 1982), 
and Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe 
(Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1983). 


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Neal Gabler, Life the Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality (47) 
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Martha Stewart, in: USA Today (17/1/1996), Life section. (48) 

Daniel Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (49) 
(New York: Harper and Row, 1961), p. 240. 


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Dennis Brissett and Charles Edgley, «The Dramaturgical Perspective,)) (50) 
in: Dennis Brissett and Charles Edgley. eds., Life as Theater ; A Dramaturgical 
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Everyday Life (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), p. 63 

.63-62 ^y> t <~Jii j-ivsiil (52) 
R. S. Perinbanayagam, «Dramas, Metaphors, and Structures,» (53) 
Symbolic Interaction, vol. 5, no. 2 (1982), p. 266. 


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Jean-Frangois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on (2) 
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Robert McChesney, «The Political Economy of Global (3) 
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Bellamy Foster, eds.. Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy 
of the Global Communication Revolution (New York: Monthly Review Press, 
19981, pp. 12-13. 

«The Power Center,» Vanity Fair (September 1995), p, 271. (4) 


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Laura Landro and Elizabeth Jensen, «A11 Ears: Walt Disney’s Deal for (5) 

ABC Makes Show Business a Whole New World,» Wall Street Journal (1/8/1995), 
p. AI, and Disney Online, «The Walt Disney Company 1998 Factbook,» < http:// 
www.disney.go.com/investors/factbook98 > . 

Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly, 5th Ed. (Boston, MA: Beacon (6) 

Press, 1997), p. xxv, and Disney Online, Ibid. 

Steve Fainaru, «Multi-Media Man,» Boston Globe (22/1/1995), pp. 77-78. (7) 


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Steven E. Miller, Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power, and the (9) 
Information Superhighway (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996), p. 149. 

McChesney, «The Political Economy of Global Communication,)) pp. (10) 

14-15, and Bernard Simon, «Seagram to Hold on to 15% Stake in Time Warner,» 
Financial Times (1/6/1995). p. 18. 


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McChesney, Ibid., p. 1 5. (11) 

Mark Landler, «Communications Pact to Favor Growing Giants, » New (12) 

York Times (18/2/1997), p. Bl. 

Edmund L. Andrews, «Economic Boom Seen in World Telecom Pact: (13) 
Political and Business Leaders Hail Accord to End Monopolies,» International 
Herald Tribune (17/2/1997), p. 1. 


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Landler, Ibid., p. Bl. (15) 

.« — ii J-Uadl (16) 

Mike Mills, «British Telecom, AT&T Join Forces: $10 Billion Global (17) 
Alliance to Offer Range of Phone, Internet, Data Services, » Washington Post (27/ 
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Michael Lindemann, «Telecoms Operators Launch Global Alliance, » (18) 
Financial Times (1/2/1996), p. 16. 

.<U*vdJ (19) 

Peter Golding, «Global Village or Cultural Pillage?: The Unequal (20) 
Inheritance of the Communications Revolution, » in: McChesney, Wood, and 
Foster, eds., Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the 
Global Communication Revolution, p. 78. 

Andrews, «Economic Boom Seen in World Telecom Pact: Political and (21) 
Business Leaders Hail Accord to End Monopolies, » p. 1. 


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Babe, Information and Communication in Economics (Boston, MA: Kluwer 
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Esther Dyson [et al.]. Cyberspace and the American Dream: A Magna (25) 

Carta for the Knowledge Age (Washington, DC: Progress and Freedom 
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Jill Hills, «The U.S. Rules OK?: Telecommunications Since the 1940s,» (26) 
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Miller, Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power, and the Information (36) 
Superhighway , p. 206. 

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Telecommunications,)! New York Times (27/2/1995), p. Dl. 

International Telecommunications Union, «Report on the State of (38) 
World Communications, » ITU Newsletter, vol. 1 (1994), pp. 9-12. 

Peter Golding, «World Wide Wedge: Division and Contradiction in the (39) 
Global Information Infrastructure,)) Monthly Review, vol. 48, no. 3 (July-August 
1996), p. 82. 


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Information Economy of 2005 (Oxford: Blackwell Business, 1993), p. 18. 

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[UNESCO], Statistical Yearbook, 1995 (Paris: UNESCO, 1995). 

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Report, 1996 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 

Robert Taylor, «Market Fallout Will Lift Jobless Total: World (46) 
Unemployment Third of All Workers Affected Says ILO Report,» Financial Times 
(24/9/1998), p. 8. 

Golding, «World Wide Wedge: Division and Contradiction in the (47) 
Global Information Infrastructure,)) p. 70. 

Khozem Merchant, «World Heads for Grotesque Inequalities,)) (48) 
Financial Times (16/7/1996), p. 4. 

United Nations Development Program [UNDP], Human Development (49) 
Report, 1998 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 


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Conference, » ;Vcm’ York Times (3/6/1996), p. A3. 

UNDP, Human Development Report, 1998. (51) 

. ‘k^JL) jJu^l (52) 

Coyle, The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital (53) 
Economy, p. 11. 

«Number of Americans in Poverty Up for Third Year, Health Care (54) 
Drops, Census Bureau Announces,» Commerce News (4/10/1993), and «Number 
of Poor Americans Rises for 3rd Year,» Washington Post (5/10/1993), p. A6. 


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Bob Herbert, «Bogeyman Economics,) 3 A'rov ForA' Times (4/4/1997), (55) 
p. A29. 

Lester C. Thurow, «What Boom?: Two-Thirds of USA Stuck in 1973, » (56) 

USA Today (12/1 1/1998). 

G. Pascal Zachary, «Economists Say Prison Boom Will Take Toll,» (57) 

Wall Street Journal (29/9/1995), p. B 1. 


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Nightmares along the Information Highway (New York: Dutton, 1995), p. 325. 

Suneel Ratan, «A New Divide Between Haves and Have-Nots,» Time (59) 
(Special Issue on Cyberspace) (Spring 1995), p. 25. 


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Miller, Civilizing Cyberspace: Policy, Power, and the Information (60) 
Superhighway , p. 113, and Lee de Forest, quoted in: Jesse Drew, «Media Activism 
and Radical Democracy, » in: James Brook and Iain A. Boal, eds.. Resisting the 
Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information (San Francisco: City Lights 
Books, 1995), p. 74. 


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Howard Besser, «From Internet to Information Superhighway,)) in: (61) 
Brook and Boal, eds., Ibid., p. 60. 

Walton S. Baer, Cable Television: A Summary Overview of Local (62) 
Decision Making (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1973), p. 6. 


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Crawford MacPherson, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (Oxford: (1) 
Clarendon, 1973), p. 125. 


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Independent Sector, «In Brief: America's Nonprofit Sector,» Pamphlet (9) 
(Spring 1998), pp. 5, 6, 11-12 and 16. 


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Lester M. Salamon [et al.], «The Emerging Sector Revisited: A (10) 
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David Throsby, «The Role of Music in International Trade and (13) 
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Markets, 1998 (Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 
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United Nations Development Program [UNDP], Human Development (21) 
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Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens : A Study of the Play Element in Culture (22) 
(Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1955), p. ix. 

.46 ( _ r <2 1 ‘i^Jsj jJwaii (23) 


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Edward Norbeck, «The Study of Play: Johan j <.47 ^ <.a_^iO (24) 

Huizinga and Modern Anthropology, » Paper Presented at: The Anthropological 
Study of Play: Problems and Prospects: Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of 
the Association for the Anthropological Study of Play, Edited by David F. Lancy 
and B. Allan Tindall {Cornwall, NY: Leisure Press, 1976), p. 6. 


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Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man , in a Series of (25) 
Letters, Translated and Edited by Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby 
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967). 

Jean-Paul Sartre, The Writings of Jean-Paul Sartre (Evanston, IL: (26) 
Northwestern University Press, 1974), vol. 2. 



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Books 

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